Timor-Leste- As per Wilkipidia

Early history

Timor was originally populated as part of the human migrations that have shaped Australasia more generally. It is believed that descendents from at least three waves of migration still live in the country. The first were related to the principal indigenous groups of New Guinea and Australia, and arrived before 40,000 years ago. Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Austronesians, who later continued eastward and colonized Island Oceania, and are possibly associated with the development of agriculture on Timor. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina.[1][2] The mountainous nature of the country meant that these groups could remain separate, and explains why there is so much linguistic diversity in East Timor today.

Timor was incorporated into Chinese and Indian trading networks of the fourteenth century as an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey and wax. Early European explorers report that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms in the early sixteenth century. One of the most significant is the Wehale kingdom in central Timor, with its capital at Laran, West Timor, to which the Tetum, Bunaq and Kemak ethnic groups were aligned.

Portuguese Colonisation

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to colonise South-East Asia when they arrived in the sixteenth century. They established outposts in Timor as well as in several of the surrounding islands. However, during the House of Habsburg's rule over Portugal, all the surrounding outposts were lost and eventually came under Dutch control by the mid seventeenth century. The area became a colony in 1702 with the arrival of the first governor from Lisbon. In the eighteenth century, the Netherlands gained a foothold on the Western half of the island, and was formally given West Timor in 1859 through the Treaty of Lisbon. The definitive border was established by the Hague Treaty of 1916, and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia.

In late 1941, Portuguese Timor was briefly occupied by Dutch and Australian troops in an attempt to pre-empt a Japanese invasion of the island. The Portuguese Governor protested the invasion, and the Dutch forces returned to the Dutch side of the island. When the Japanese landed and drove the small Australian force out of Dili, the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor, waged by Allied forces and Timorese volunteers against the Japanese. The struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 Timorese. Following the end of the war, Portuguese control was reinstated.

The process of decolonisation in Portuguese Timor began in 1974, following the change of government in Portugal in the wake of the Carnation Revolution. Owing to political instability and more pressing concerns over the decolonisation of Angola and Mozambique, Portugal effectively abandoned East Timor and it unilaterally declared itself independent on November 28, 1975. Nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces before the declaration could be internationally recognised.

Indonesian occupation

Indonesia alleged that the popular East Timorese FRETILIN party, which received some vocal support from the People's Republic of China, was communist. Fearing a Communist domino effect in Southeast Asia – and in the wake of its failed South Vietnam campaign– the United States, along with its ally Australia, supported the pro-Western Indonesian government's actions despite Portugal being a founding member of NATO.

An Indonesian invasion was launched over the western border on 7 December 1975. Two days before the invasion of Dili and subsequent annexation, U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met President Suharto in Jakarta where Ford made it clear that "We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem and the intentions you have." Kissinger added: "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly [because] the use of US-made arms could create problems."[3] U.S. arms sales to Indonesia continued under subsequent U.S administrations including that of Bill Clinton, although it did eventually discontinue U.S. support of Suharto's regime. As "Timor Timur", the territory was declared the twenty-seventh province of Indonesia in July 1976. Its nominal status in the UN remained that of a "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration."

The East Timorese guerrilla force, Falintil, fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1999.
Demonstration for independence from Indonesia.
Demonstration for independence from Indonesia.

Indonesian rule in East Timor was often marked by extreme violence and brutality, such as the Dili massacre and the Liquiçá Church Massacre. From 1975 until 1993, attacks on civilian populations were only nominally reported in the Western press. Death tolls reported during the occupation varied from 60,000 to 200,000[4]. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a lower range of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974-1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness.[5] Since each data source used under-reports actual deaths, this is considered a minimum. Amnesty International estimated deaths at 200,000[6].

Independence

Following a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia, Portugal and the United States and a surprise decision by the Indonesian President B. J. Habibie, a UN-supervised popular referendum was held on August 30, 1999. The East Timorese voted for full independence from Indonesia, but violent clashes, instigated primarily by the Indonesian military (see Scorched Earth Operation) and aided by Timorese pro-Indonesia militias, led by Eurico Guiterres, broke out soon afterwards. A peacekeeping force (INTERFET, led by Australia) intervened to restore order. Militias fled across the border into Indonesia, from which they attempted sporadic armed raids, particularly along the southern half of the main border held by the New Zealand Army. As these raids were repelled and international moral opinion forced Indonesia to withdraw tacit support, the militias dispersed. INTERFET was replaced by a UN force of International Police, the mission became known as UNTAET, and the UNTAET Crime Scene Detachment was formed to investigate alleged atrocities. The result of these actions caused Osama Bin Laden to place a fatwa on Australia and Australian interests.

Following a visit by Xanana Gusmão to Lisbon, Portugal agreed to recognise East Timor's independence on May 20, 2002. On September 27, East Timor joined the United Nations.

2006 crisis

Main article: 2006 East Timor crisis

Unrest started in the country in April 2006 following riots in Dili. A rally in support of 591 East Timorese soldiers dismissed for deserting their barracks turned into rioting; five people were killed and over twenty thousand fled their homes. Fierce fighting between pro-government troops and disaffected Falintil troops broke out in May 2006 .
While unclear, the motives behind the fighting appeared to be the distribution of oil funds and the poor organization of the Timorese army and police, including former Indonesian police and former Timorese rebels. Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri called the violence a "coup" and welcomed offers of foreign military assistance from several nations .
By May 25, 2006, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Portugal sent troops to Timor, attempting to quell the violence .

On June 22, 2006, President Gusmão delivered an ultimatum on a national television broadcast, saying that he would resign as President the following day if Prime Minister Alkatiri did not resign. Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri replied that he would only resign if Fretilin wanted him to do so. On 25 June, a meeting of Fretilin leaders confirmed Alkatiri's status as Prime Minister and in response, Foreign and Defence Minister José Ramos Horta resigned from office [12]. Pressure was mounting on Mari Alkatiri as 8 more ministers threatened to resign the next day, June 26. On the same day, Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri resigned stating, "I declare I am ready to resign my position as prime minister of the government... so as to avoid the resignation of His Excellency the President of the Republic" . José Ramos Horta was appointed as his successor on July 8, 2006 .

Gripe aviaria/ Bird Flu

Avian influenza – situation in Indonesia –
22 January 2007

The Ministry of Health of Indonesia has announced a new case of human infection of H5N1 avian influenza. A 32-year-old woman1 from West Java Province developed symptoms on 11 January and died in hospital on 19 January. Initial investigations of the source of her infection indicate that the woman had been involved in the slaughter of sick chickens in the days prior to symptom onset.

Of the 80 cases confirmed to date in Indonesia, 62 have been fatal.

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Quem viaja para Indnésia de férias necessita de ter cuidaddo, em termos de saude claro, porque o Ministerio da Saúde da Indoneesia anunciou ter detectado mais um caso de gripe aviária. Este novo caso de infecção de um humano com o H5N1 gripe aviária, Uma mulher de Westa Java tambem com a gripe aviaria morreu num hospitada de Jakarta no dia 19 de Janeiro passado. As invistigações iniciais indicam qeu a referida mulher, dias antes de ter mostrado sinoms de gripe aviária , esteve envolvida com o abatimento de galinhas que se encontravam doentes.

Na Indonésia dos 80 casos confrimados até ao momento , 62 dois morreram e os outros 18 estão em plena recuperação.

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Iha West Java ema ida mate continaminado hó gripe aviário ( gripe ke ita bele heten hussi ita nia mano moras). Ministerio Suade Indonesia nian haten katak to momento ne ema 62 mate ho virus ida ne. Foin dau dauk hih Jafa feto ida mate ho mras ida ne, Tuir investigassaum hussi departemento saude nian, loron balo antes nia mate , feto ne envolve ela ho hoho mano sira be moras.

Se ita bot sira ba passear ba Indonesia tenki hiha kuidado barak tamba moras ida ne ita bele hetan fassilmente.

O Instituto Camões-Centro Cultural Português em Díli


Díli. Edifício onde está instalado o Centro Cultural Português

Criado por despacho-conjunto dos ministros de Estado e dos Negócios Estrangeiros e das Finanças e da Economia, de 10 de Fevereiro de 2000, o Centro Cultural Português em Díli foi inaugurado a 17 de Janeiro de 2001. A cerimónia foi presidida pelo Ministro de Estado e dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Jaime Gama, e contou com a presença do Presidente do Instituto Camões, Jorge Couto, das mais altas personalidades timorenses, da UNTAET e de representantes da comunidade portuguesa.

Sala de leitura do Centro

A criação deste Centro tem por objectivo apoiar a Acção Cultural em Timor-Leste. Pretende-se, com este espaço destinado ao encontro de culturas, que timorenses e membros da comunidade lusófona possam debater ideias, fomentar a realização de exposições e ciclos de cinema, organizar encontros de escritores e artistas portugueses e timorenses, promover palestras e seminários dedicados à promoção da Língua Portuguesa.

As acções não se destinam exclusivamente a Díli. O Centro Cultural deu já início, aliás, a iniciativas culturais em outros distritos timorenses.

Aspecto das instalações

Do Centro Cultural Português em Díli fazem parte uma biblioteca, com catalogação informática do acervo inicial de 1500 volumes que será progressivamente enriquecido, abrangendo as áreas de história e literatura portuguesa, brasileira, africana de expressão oficial portuguesa e timorense, história da arte, sociologia, etnologia, direito, economia e obras de referência; um espaço multimédia, dotado de uma linha gratuita de acesso à Internet; uma videoteca, colocando à disposição dos visitantes o visionamento de cerca de cento e cinquenta filmes da autoria de realizadores lusófonos entre documentários, curtas e longas metragens; e, finalmente, uma fonoteca com milhares de horas de música erudita e popular lusófona. Dispõe ainda de um espaço para leitura de jornais e revistas portuguesas: A Bola, O Publico, O Jornal de Letras e muitos outros.

Escrito algures por alguem

Oração do Trabalhador


SENHOR, dai-me sabedoria para entender alguns colegas, porque se me dais força, parto-lhes a cara!!

Timor-Leste- Agricultura

Agriculture is the main activity in Timor-Leste, providing subsistence to an estimated 80% of the population. It also generates an average of 90% of the exports, mainly due to coffee. Most farmers practice subsistence farming, planting and harvesting what they need for a simple life-style, collecting wild foods and traditional medicines, and the animals are very much left free to grow and reproduce. There are almost no large scale farms except for missions.



Timor has given unique contributions to world´s agriculture. It is recognized as the home of "Timor Hybrid", a coffee variety which combines resistance to the rust disease Hemileia vastatrix, and produces a coffee with quality almost as good as the Arabica. Some authors (For example Rui Cinnati) also recognize Timor as the origin of Sandal wood.

The topography consists of a narrow plain around the coast and a central mountain range dominating the country. The north coast is the driest area with some 500 mm of rain while the highlands can have over 2000mm.




The steep slopes that dominate most of the country with heavy rainfall translate into heavy erosion once the tree cover is removed. Deforestation (due to sandal wood cutting, fires, land clearing, or goats eating the young plants) initiates a process of land destruction that is very difficult to reverse or even stop.

In the first ¾ of the last century, the Portuguese Agronomic (or Agriculture) Mission tried to stimulate food production (rice) in the coastal plains, leaving the mountains with Coffee. The coffee production system, provides a sustainable ecosystem which through a three layer system (shade tree which is usually a legume, coffee plants, and grasses), that protects the soil, providing income and employment.


Today there is need for food security to be attained in the whole country. The Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme is trying to restore the irrigation schemes for rice and rural roads, and Cooperativa Café Timor and others have been sponsoring the rebirth of the coffee sector.

The authors feel that with the growing economic needs of the people, it is necessary to, sooner or later, move beyond commodity crops. It is felt that the production of crops with higher margins (cashew nuts, mangos, spices, vanilla, restoration of sandalwood, pineapples, passion fruit, guavas, cut flowers) associated with some form of processing (roasting of nuts, mango pulp, guava jam, passion fruit concentrate) are the next stage in the development of the agriculture sector.

timor e assim

um teste para ver se funviona

robiana florencio